Anybody with an interest in commercial real estate will be familiar with the term capitalization rate (or Cap Rate for short), but it can also be utilized by a home buyer looking for a vacation beach house. A cap rate is the ratio between the net operating income (NOI) of an income producing property and its original cost. The formula is simple: Rate=Income/Cost. The higher the income or lower the cost, the higher the rate which indicates a better investment. Let’s say a widget shop is listed for sale at $500,000 and it makes $40,000/year. Based on those two figures, the widget store has a cap rate of 8% (40k/500k=.08). Most commercial investors look for rates that are around 8% and up. The formula can be rearranged to determine the value of a property at a desired cap rate. To an investor wanting a 9% cap rate, the widget store making $40,000/yr is worth $444,000 (40k/.09) and therefore overpriced in the eyes of this particular investor. A Cap rate can also be used to determine when an income producing property will pay for itself by dividing 100% by the rate. A property with an 8% cap rate will take 12 ½ years (100/8=12.5) to recoup its initial cost provided the income stream remains the same.
Income producing properties for the commercial investor usually means properties like shopping malls, apartment complexes, or office buildings- not so much a beach house purchased as a second home. Vacation houses for sale that are on the rental market often advertise their gross rental income (GRI). The NOI is what is left after all operating expenses are deducted from the GRI. Each house has its individual operating expense, but a good rule of thumb is to expect operating expenses to run around 30% of GRI (the bulk of this being property management/ maintenance fees and liability insurance). Obviously, more desirable homes will attract more renters leading to a larger GRI, but these homes are also more expensive. Applying the cap rate formula to homes that have GRIs can give a quick comparison of potential investment values.
In the late 1990’s, houses on St. George Island with cap rates around 10% were not uncommon. From 2000 to 2005, rampant appreciation pushed home prices up faster than occupancy and rental rates which dropped average cap rates to around 2-3%. A cap rate of 4 or 5% was exceptional and homes boasting those numbers did not last long on the market. Now, after the downturn in the market and the subsequent reduction in home prices, cap rates have increased.
For example, this house located on St. George Island, is currently listed for $799,000 (MLS 207980) and shows a GRI for 2008 of $75,000. From an investment standpoint, it has a cap rate of around 6.5%.
((75k – 30%)/799k) and as long as the current rental income stream remained at this level, could recover the initial cost in a little over 15 years.
Another example of a house listed at the same price of $799,000 (MLS 233998) shows a GRI for 2008 of $31,828. From an investment standpoint, it has a cap rate of around 2.7%

Now with a home there are other expenses: insurance, property taxes, upkeep, etc… that are not taken into consideration with the simple cap rate formula. There are also uncertainties with the both the real estate and rental markets that can influence appreciation and GRIs in either direction. An attractive cap rate should not be the sole factor in deciding which house to buy, but it can be a tool to help with the decision making process.
Grayson Shepard
Information deemed reliable but not guaranteed--Copyright: 2009 by the REALTORS® Association of Franklin & Southern Gulf Counties, Inc.